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Chinese Information Operations and Information Warfare are based on concepts and terms similar to those used by the United States, but the Chinese have evolved them to be more suitable and relevant to Chinese culture and to communist doctrine. While the People's Republic of China has adopted the idea of information dominance, its method for going about information dominance differs, using ancient methods such as the Thirty-Six Stratagems.〔 China's serious interest in Information Warfare (IW) and Information Operations (IO) began after the United States victory in the first Gulf War (1990–1991). U.S. success was the result of information technologies and the total dominance it was able to provide in the battle space.〔Ventre, Daniel. ("China's Strategy for Information Warfare: A Focus on Energy." ), Journal of Energy Security. 18 May 2010. (Accessed 23 April 2011)〕 From that point on the People's Liberation Army (PLA) began to seriously invest in and develop its own concepts of IO and IW and what they mean to the People's Republic of China (PRC). The idea of a Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) including IO and IW has arisen as a school of thought in Chinese warfare.〔Michael Pillsbury, ed., China Debates the Future Security Environment (Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press, 2000), 293.〕 China's leadership has continuously stressed using asymmetric techniques to counter more powerful nations, such as the United States, and IO and IW are a tools that the PLA are using to achieve their goals.〔Toshi Yoshihara, (Chinese information warfare: a phantom menace or emerging threat? ), Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle, PA, November 2001. ISBN 1-58487-074-5 (Accessed 23 April 2011)〕 ==Definitions of Chinese Information Warfare and Information Operations== The United States is a notable exception by having its IO & IW doctrine unclassified and available on the internet; the IO & IW doctrine of most countries is classified. Hence, current information about Chinese policy and doctrine is not freely available. This section summarises the information available. The reader will note that most of it is of US origin, and most of it is five or more years old. Notable exceptions are the publicly released versions of annual reports to the US Congress. A July 1998 conference held in San Diego, sponsored jointly by the RAND Center for Asia-Pacific Policy and the Taiwan-based Chinese Council of Advanced Policy Studies, "brought together Chinese military experts to discuss the non-hardware side of the People’s Liberation Army’s modernization."〔James C. Mulvenon and Richard H. Yang, Editors, (The People's Liberation Army in the Information Age ), (Washington DC: RAND, 1999)〕 In his presentation, James C. Mulvenon stated: "Chinese writings clearly suggest that IW is a solely military subject, and as such, they draw inspiration primarily from U.S. military writings. The net result of this “borrowing” is that many PLA authors’ definitions of IW and IW concepts sound eerily familiar."〔James C. Mulvenon, ("The PLA and Information Warfare" ), Chapter 9 in Mulvenon & Yang, Editors, "The People's Liberation Army in the Information Age", (Washington DC: RAND, 1999), pp.175-186〕 The father of Chinese IW, Major General Wang Pufeng, wrote "Information war is a crucial stage of high-tech war. . . . At its heart are information technologies, fusing intelligence war, strategic war, electronic war, guided missile war, a war of “motorization” (zhan ), a war of firepower ()—a total war. It is a new type of warfare."〔Wang Pufeng, "Xinxi zhanzheng yu junshi geming" (Information Warfare and the Revolution in Military Affairs), Beijing: Junshi kexueyuan, 1995. Quoted in Mulveron, 1999, "The PLA and Information Warfare"〕 In a strategic analysis paper for the Indian Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses written in 2006, Vinod Anand examines the definitions of Chinese Information Warfare.〔Anand, Vinod. ("Chinese Concepts and Capabilities of Information Warfare." ) Strategic Analysis, Indian Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, Vol:30, Issue:4, October 2006. (Accessed 15 April 2011).〕 He notes that although Chinese understanding of IW was initially based on western concepts, it has increasingly moved towards evolving its own orientation. In December 1999, Xie Guang, the then Vice Minister of Science & Technology and Industry for National Defence, defined IW as: :“IW in military sense means overall use of various types (of) information technologies, equipment and systems, particularly his command systems, to shake determination of enemy’s policy makers and at the same time, the use of all the means possible to ensure that that one’s own systems are not damaged or disturbed.”〔 In two articles in the ''Liberation Army Daily'', dated June 13 and June 20, 1995, Senior Colonel Wang Baocun and Li Fei of the Academy of Military Science, Beijing, noted several definitions. They concluded: :'We hold that information warfare has both narrow and broad meanings. Information warfare in the narrow sense refers to the U.S. military's so-called "battlefield information warfare," the crux of which is "command and control warfare." It is defined as the comprehensive use, with intelligence support, of military deception, operational secrecy, psychological warfare, electronic warfare, and substantive destruction to assault the enemy's whole information system including personnel; and to disrupt the enemy's information flow, in order to impact, weaken, and destroy the enemy's command and control capability, while keeping one's own command and control capability from being affected by similar enemy actions.'〔Senior Colonel Wang Baocun and Li Fei, (1995) ("Information Warfare" ). Excerpted from articles in ''Liberation Army Daily'', June 13 and June 20, 1995. Reproduced at the Federation of American Scientists website, www.fas.org. (Accessed 21 April 2011.)〕 They went on to state: Also quoted are some of the more general definitions. For example: *"Information Operations (IO) are specific operations and are considered to be at the core of IW ... IO is a manifestation of IW on the battlefield. It can be both of the defensive and offensive types, and can be conducted at the strategic, operational, campaign and tactical levels at times of peace, wars and crises."〔 *Information operations are not only used in times of war, but also in times of peace.〔 Not included in these definitions is the emphasis that the PLA places on asymmetric warfare, particularly using IO and IW to compensate for technological inferiority.〔Wang, Vincent Wei-cheng, and Gwendolyn Stamper. "Asymmetric War? Implications for China's Information Warfare Strategies." In American Asian Review. Vol. XX, no. 4, winter 2002.〕 This list also omits an element that plays a large role in Chinese IW and IO: computer network operations.〔Edward Sobiesk, ("Redefining the Role of Information Warfare in Chinese Strategy" ), GSEC Practical Assignment 1.4b, Option 1, March 1, 2003. Reproduced at SANS Institute, Information Security Reading Room. (Accessed 20 April 2011).〕 Also not addressed is the role of "informationisation" in the development of Chinese capabilities. These are discussed in the following sections. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chinese Information Operations and Information Warfare」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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